William the Conqueror and Lanfranc recognizing that the Church, strong and well ordered, made for national well-being, and had set up ecclesiastical courts wherein all matters affecting church law and discipline were to be dealt with by the clergy, to the end that the clergy should not be mixed up in lawsuits and should be excluded from the lay courts. 

A – and had set up ecclesiastical courts wherein all matters affecting church law and discipline were to be dealt with by the clergy

B – had set up ecclesiastical courts wherein all matters affecting church law and discipline had been dealt with by the clergy

C – and set up ecclesiastical courts wherein all matters that had affected church law and discipline would be dealt with by the clergy

D – set up ecclesiastical courts wherein all matters affecting church law and discipline were to be dealt with by the clergy

E – set up ecclesiastical courts wherein all matters that had affected church law and discipline had to be dealt with by the clergy

Right Answer: D

Error Identification

Identifier	Fix
Had set up, set up	Tense
Were to be, had been, would be…	Tense

Explanation:  

On the surface, it might seem that ‘and’ in the beginning of the underlined portion is appropriate, but it is not. ‘Set up’ is the main verb to the subject ‘william’, using ‘and’ creates a fragment. ‘Had set up’ is incorrect as there is no scope for the past perfect tense here. 

A – ‘and’ creates a fragment; ‘had set up’ incorrectly creates the past perfect. 

B –  ‘had set up’ incorrectly creates the past perfect. 

C – ‘and’ creates a fragment; ‘had affected’ alters the meaning.

D – ‘affecting…’ acts as a verb phrase describing the ‘matters’. ‘Set up’ is the correct verb form. This is the correct answer.

E – ‘had affected’ alters the meaning; ‘had to be dealt with’ is incorrect.